കാട്ടുകുന്നി
Abrus pulchellus is a twining shrub belonging to the Fabaceae family, commonly known as the Rosary pea. This species is native to tropical regions, particularly Africa and parts of Asia.
Scientific classification
Morphology
1. Habit:
Abrus pulchellus is a twining, perennial shrub with slender, woody stems. It often climbs by wrapping around nearby vegetation or supports.
2. Leaves:
Type: Pinnately compound.
Leaflets: Small, oblong with rounded tips, arranged in pairs along the rachis.
Texture: Generally smooth with a green coloration.
3. Flowers:
Arrangement: Flowers are borne in axillary racemes.
Color: Typically pale purple to yellowish.
Structure: Flowers exhibit a typical papilionaceous (butterfly-like) shape, common in the Fabaceae family.
Size: Small and delicate.
4. Fruit:
Type: A flat, pubescent pod (legume).
Color: The pods are often green when young and turn brown upon maturity.
Seeds: Usually pale yellow or white, smaller and less conspicuous compared to Abrus precatorius (which has bright red seeds).
5. Stem:
Nature: Woody, slender, and capable of twining.
Surface: Can be slightly hairy or smooth.
Distribution and Habitat
This species thrives in tropical climates and is predominantly found across various regions in Africa. It prefers well-drained soils and is commonly seen in open woodlands, forest edges, and along riverbanks.
Phytochemistry and Toxicity
Abrus pulchellus contains several bioactive compounds, including a potent type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein known as pulchellin, which is highly toxic. Pulchellin has been studied for its potential applications in targeted therapies due to its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in cells.
Medicinal Uses
Despite its toxicity, various parts of Abrus pulchellus have been utilized in traditional medicine. Extracts from the plant have demonstrated antibacterial and antifungal properties. Studies comparing the methanolic extracts of Abrus pulchellus and Abrus precatorius seeds revealed that both possess significant antimicrobial activity, with Abrus pulchellus showing slightly higher efficacy against certain bacterial strains.
Caution
Due to the presence of toxic compounds like pulchellin, handling and usage of Abrus pulchellus require caution. Proper processing methods are essential to mitigate toxicity before any medicinal application. It is imperative to consult knowledgeable healthcare professionals before considering its use in any form.
In summary, Abrus pulchellus is a plant with notable biochemical properties and potential medicinal applications. However, its inherent toxicity necessitates careful handling and thorough understanding before any practical use.
Range
Native to:
Andaman Is., Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Jawa, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya
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Native Plants 